2 Corinthians 8 – Encouragement and Examples in Giving A. Yet it contains deep doctrinal truths (2 Cor. B. 2 Corinthians Major Themes . Paul wrote 2 Corinthians from Macedonia a year or so after writing 1 Corinthians, during his third missionary journey. 2 Introduction to 2 Corinthians The first and last primary divisions are the address and blessing, and the greetings and blessing. A Vision Of Paradise Paul's Concern For The Christians At Corinth Paul's Concern For The Corinthians Paul's Concern About The Corinthians' Way Of Life . Each of us has a ministry and Paul fulfilled his. There is, however, no manuscript evidence that warrants splitting 2 Corinthians into two parts. How, then, does one explain the harsh tone of chs. The book of 2nd Corinthians is a deeply personal letter — a response to the complex history of the Apostle Paul and the church he established in Corinth. During this time Paul wrote his letter to the … This is the so-called great digression, but it turns out to be in some ways the most important section of the letter (, To teach the Corinthians about the grace of giving and to make sure that they complete the collection for the poor Christians at Jerusalem (, To deal with the minority opposition in the church (, To prepare the Corinthians for his upcoming visit (, Paul explains the reason for the changes in his itinerary (, Paul encourages the Corinthians to complete their collection in preparation for his arrival (, Paul stresses the certainty of his coming, his authenticity as an apostle and his readiness to exercise discipline if necessary (, Apologetic: Paul’s Explanation of His Conduct and Apostolic Ministry (, Thanksgiving for Divine Comfort in Affliction (, The Integrity of Paul’s Motives and Conduct (, Forgiving the Offending Party at Corinth (, The Corinthian Believers—a Letter from Christ (, Seeing the Glory of God with Unveiled Faces (, The Prospect of Death and What It Means for the Christian (, A Spiritual Father’s Appeal to His Children (, Hortatory: The Collection for the Christians at Jerusalem (, Titus and His Companions Sent to Corinth (, Polemical: Paul’s Vindication of His Apostolic Authority (, Paul’s Defense of His Apostolic Authority and the Area of His Mission (, Conclusion, Final Greetings and Benediction (. «1 Corinthians It had two harbors: (1) Cenchrea, six miles to the east on the Saronic Gulf, and (2) Lechaion, a mile and a half to the north on the Corinthian Gulf. But Paul argues that his suffering is the means God uses to reveal his glory (1:3–4, 11, 20). Introduction. If this inference be accurate, then the painful visit was later. 16:8), and 2 Corinthians was written after he left Ephesus (see Background and Setting), the most likely date for 2 Corinthians is late A.D. 55 or very early A.D. 56. Background for Paul’s 2nd Letter to the Corinthians . In 2 Corinthians 5:17-21 Paul teaches that being “in Christ” results in a person becoming a “new creation”! 12. C. 3. Goods were transported across the isthmus on the Diolkos, a stone road by which smaller ships could be hauled fully loaded across the isthmus, and by which cargoes of larger ships could be transported by wagons from one side to the other. For he preaches Christ, not himself: the human vessel is frail that God may have the glory; yet, though frail, faith and the hope of future glory sustain him amidst the decay of … Choking on Food. The opening greeting of the letter states that it was addressed to the church in Corinth and to Christians throughout Achaia (the Roman province comprising all of Greece south of Macedonia; see map, 2288). The visit turned out to be painful and did not accomplish its purpose. In the face of this serious situation, Paul decided to make a quick trip to Corinth (12:4; 13:1–2) to see whether he could remedy the situation. the reference to Pentecost in 1 Cor. (1-5) The example of the Macedonian Christians. A major theme in 2 Corinthians is ministry. DATE A. … Title This is the second NT epistle the Apostle Paul wrote to the Christians in the city of Corinth ( see Introduction to 1 Corinthians ). On his third missionary journey (within 48-58), he stayed at Ephesus about three years. Lucy Parr. 5:9 and 2 Cor. 10–13, which is so different from the rest of the letter? Lavina Fielding. What does it mean that the love of Christ compels us (2 Corinthians … Because of the occasion that prompted this letter, Paul had a number of purposes in mind: The structure of the letter relates primarily to Paul’s impending third visit to Corinth. The severe letter had brought its intended results (7:5–16). They were false teachers who were challenging, among other things, Paul’s personal integrity and his authority as an apostle (see 11:4; 12:11). Around the year 52 AD the apostle Paul was reaching the end of his second missionary journey, and he had just spent about a year and a half in Corinth where he made many disciples (Acts 18:10, 11). Background. 5 Examine yourselves to see whether you are in the faith; test yourselves. 13. 2 Corinthians 5 (King James Version) 1 For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. Background and Setting. Lemon-Aid. From 1Co 16:5–8 it may be concluded that 1 Corinthians was written from Ephesus before Pentecost (in the late spring) and that 2 Corinthians may have been written later that same year before the onset of winter. Paul’s opponents had questioned his motives and his personal courage. Paul addresses the need for the Corinthians to reconcile with an estranged brother (2 Cor. The city of Corinth: • After Corinth was destroyed by the Romans in 146 B.C., the city was rebuilt by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C. The date of II Corinthians is inseparably linked to I Corinthians and the book of Acts. To the church of God in Corinth, together with all the saints throughout Achaia: 2 Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.. The letter falls naturally into three sections: Some have questioned the unity of this letter (see above), but it forms a coherent whole, as the structure above shows. What does it mean to be absent from the body? Introduction to 2 Corinthians. A group of men had come to Corinth who presented themselves as apostles. The Spirit transforms those in whom he dwells as a guarantee of the “eternal weight of glory” to come for believers at the resurrection (, Paul’s Defense of His Ministry as an Apostle (, Paul’s Appeal to the Repentant Church Regarding the Collection (, Paul’s Appeal to the Rebellious Minority in Corinth (. More Bible verse art by Adrien Converse.. 2 Corinthians’ role in the Bible. These qualities are the greatest display of God’s presence, power, and glory in this fallen world (, The Spirit transforms believers into the image of God, which is seen in Christ. Acts 19:21).However, when Timothy returned from Corinth to Ephesus (cf. Macedonia was THE PLACE from which it was written ( 2 Corinthians 9:2 "am boasting," implies his presence then in Macedonia). 10–13). There are three main sections to this epistle: (1… Paul Greets the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 1:1-3)1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, . He established the church in Corinth, and was the self-proclaimed "father" of the Corinthian believers (1 Cor. After writing the severe letter, Paul had second thoughts. Cross references: 2 Corinthians 6:10: John 16:22; [ch. Ch. Random Sampler. 4 … Ch. Indeed, to fail to reconcile is to be outwitted by Satan ( 2:11 ). The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, commonly referred to as Second Corinthians or in writing 2 Corinthians, is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. 2 For in this we groan, earnestly desiring to be clothed upon with our house which is from heaven: 3 If so be that being clothed we shall not be found naked. Summary of The Book of 2 Corinthians. 3 Blessed be God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort; •2 Corinthians is the most autobiographical of Paul's letters, giving an intimate view of his personal life and ministry. (6) Our giving should be bountiful, if we would be rewarded bountifully. Paul revealed in 1 Corinthians 4:19 his intentions of another visit to Corinth to set matters straight, and these intentions were probably realized with the less fortunate visit. 1 Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, unto the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the saints which are in all Achaia: 2 Grace be to you and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. This is made possible because believers are reconciled with God through the cross (, Repentance expresses itself in holiness. 2 Corinthians Major Themes . 2:5–11) as well as with Paul himself . Although II Corinthians 13 was apparently unknown to Clement of Rome in a.d. 96, it is quoted by Polycarp in a.d. 105. 10–13 were written some time after Paul had sent the first nine chapters and that they constitute a separate letter. © Zondervan. Introduction from the NIV Study Bible | Go to 2 Corinthians. Access the NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible notes when you upgrade to Bible Gateway Plus. He was deeply concerned about how the Corinthians might react to it. Suzanne Dandoy. So when Paul returned to Ephesus, he wrote the Corinthians a severe letter “out of great distress and anguish of heart and with many tears” (2:4), probably sending it by Titus (12:8). A. In each clause the former part shows the earthen vessels; the latter, the excellence of the power. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author named Timothy , and is addressed to the church in Corinth and Christians in the surrounding province of Achaea , in modern-day Greece . From the Zondervan NIV Study Bible. 2 Corinthians 5:20; : Now then we are ambassadors for Christ; as though God did beseech you by us, we pray you in Christ's stead, to be reconciled to God. (2 Corinthians 8:1-5) The background to this is the great famine that struck in the land of Palestine (reported also in First Corinthians), in which many people were deprived of their livelihood. There seem to be certain themes which show its unity, such as "suffering." The background to 2 Corinthians is complicated by letters from Paul we do not have as well as visits to Corinth by Paul, Timothy and Titus. Paul tells us of his sufferings, oppressions and his thorn in the flesh. These two letters address problem areas that … Second Corinthians is the third of Paul’s letters.Of the 27 New Testament books, Paul wrote 13. In Asia (Lydian Asia) he had undergone some great peril of his life ( 2 Corinthians 1:8 2 Corinthians 1:9 [PALEY] to the tumult at Ephesus ( Acts 19:23-41 ALFORD thinks, to a dangerous illness in which he despaired of life. Because of the occasion that prompted this letter, Paul had a number of purposes in mind: To express the comfort and joy Paul felt because the Corinthians had responded favorably to his painful letter (1:3–4; 7:8–9,12–13). The available evidence indicates that the year a.d. 55 is a reasonable estimate for the writing of this letter. To his relief, the news from the Corinthian church was basically good. After writing 1 Corinthians Paul continued his ministry at Ephesus until he heard that his letter had not completely accomplished its purpose. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, commonly referred to as Second Corinthians or in writing 2 Corinthians, is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. • The capital of Achaia. 2 Corinthians. He stayed one and a half years, accomplishing much … During this time Paul wrote his letter to the … Background and Setting Paul begins his second (canonical) letter to the Corinthians with a customary greeting (1:1-2), followed by a customary thanksgiving (1:3-11). Purpose of Writing: The church in Corinth began in AD 52 when Paul visited there on his second missionary journey. 3 For though we live in the world, we do not wage war as the world does. 4:15). Writes "2 Corinthians" [Corinthians D] (c. AD 56) Visits Corinth a third time Authorship Both 1 and 2 Corinthians were undoubtedly written by the Apostle Paul. In his previous letter Paul had spoken of his plans to move from Ephesus north to Macedonia and then down to Corinth (1 Corinthians 16:5-7; cf. the reference to Pentecost in 1 Cor. Introduction and Background to 1 Corinthians. We are not told what this thorn in the flesh was, whether some great trouble, or some great temptation. The apostle Paul wrote this letter to the Corinthian church in the spring of a.d. Edward J. Brandt. Thence he passed by Troas to Philippi, the first city … More than any of his other letters, 2 Corinthians shows us the heart of Paul as a pastor. Tradition has been unanimous in affirming its unity (the early church fathers, e.g., knew the letter only in its present form). 2 Corinthians 5 2 Corinthians 7 2 Corinthians 6:10 English Standard Version (ESV) 10 as sorrowful, yet always rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, yet possessing everything. Some identify this letter with 2Co 10–13. 2 I beg you that when I come I may not have to be as bold as I expect to be toward some people who think that we live by the standards of this world. Introduction to 2 Corinthians 1 Background Paul first visited Corinth during his second missionary journey (within AD 39-52) and stayed about eighteen months. Brigham Young’s Doughnuts. The central theme of 2 Corinthians is the relationship between suffering and the power of the Spirit in Paul’s apostolic life, ministry, and message. Background. Do you not realize that Christ Jesus is in you —unless, of course, you fail the testRead full chapter They argued that he had suffered too much to be a Spirit-filled apostle of the risen Christ. TIME OF WRITING: Possibly in the fall of 57 A.D., making it but a few months after writing First … But the thanksgiving this time is not for the church’s progress in the faith (as is usual in Paul’s salutations), but for God’s comfort of him in the midst of great hardships (1:3-11). The original plan was to sail from Asia (SW Turkey) to Corinth, travel up to Macedonia, back to Corinth, then sail to Judea (1:15 – 16) for Pentecost (Acts 20:16). A Private Place. The Holy Bible - 2 Corinthians Chapter 5 (KJV) The first part of 2 Corinthians Chapter 5 is about awaiting a new body from Christ because our earthly body will one day destroyed. Context and Background of 2 Corinthians. New Testament Backgrounds: 1 and 2 Corinthians. Others think it has been lost. In Athens Paul had been ridiculed because of his preaching of the resurrection (Acts 17:32). This summary of the book of 2 Corinthians provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme, theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Book of 2 Corinthians. Moreover, brethren, we make known to you the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia: that in a great trial of affliction the abundance of their joy and their deep poverty abounded in the riches of their liberality. What does it mean that we have treasures in jars of clay (2 Corinthians 4:7)? “Jesus is a fish in the midst of the waters” St. Augustine. This was approximately a year after he wrote 1 Corinthians and a year before he wrote his letter to the Romans. Summary. (Praise to the God of All Comfort. 5). in whom the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelieving, that the light of the Good … 12. Around the year 52 AD the apostle Paul was reaching the end of his second missionary journey, and he had just spent about a year and a half in Corinth where he made many disciples (Acts 18:10, 11). For he hath made him a sin-offering for us, who knew no sin, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him: for he saith, "I have heard thee in a time accepted, and in the day of salvation have I succoured thee." But the thanksgiving this time is not for the church’s progress in the faith (as is usual in Paul’s salutations), but for God’s comfort of him in the midst of great hardships (1:3-11). This note on God’s comfort in affliction is a natural bridge to the body of the epistle, for 2 Corinthians is supremely about God’s glory in the midst of suffering. Paul wrote at least four different letters to the church at Corinth, three of which are included in the New Testament. As believers face divisions across the global church as well as broken relationships closer to home, Paul’s gentle exhortations to pursue restoration when possible are words worth remembering. Date of Writing: The Book of 2 Corinthians was very likely written approximately A.D. 55-57. Paul’s suffering imitates the cross of Christ. But Paul argues that his suffering is the means God uses to reveal his glory (1:3–4, 11, 20). The Greeks considered matter evil and spirit good; consequently, they held that a … This is the fourth letter he had written to the Corinthian church (in addition to 1 Corinthians, see the letters mentioned in 1 Cor. 1820 Jet Stream Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80921 • 719.488.9200Terms of Use | Privacy Policy, The Book of the Twelve or the Minor Prophets, Biblica – The International Bible Society, From Access to Absorption: Reading the Bible Big, Conversations With Daughters of the King: My Journey of Leadership, Incan Descendants Gather to Celebrate Modern Scripture Translation, To express the comfort and joy Paul felt because the Corinthians had responded favorably to his painful letter (, To let them know about the trouble he went through in the province of Asia (, To explain why he had changed his travel plans (, To ask them to forgive the offending party (, To warn them not to be “yoked together with unbelievers” (, To explain to them the true nature (its joys, sufferings and rewards) and high calling of Christian ministry. The central theme of 2 Corinthians is the relationship between suffering and the power of the Spirit in Paul’s apostolic life, ministry, and message. 1. 4. 2:3–4). This is a purity-producing love for God and his church and a unity-creating love for one’s neighbor (, Christ, as Savior, is also the universal Judge. We see Paul at work, teaching and exemplifying transparency, joy, good relationships, sincerity, reputation, service, humility, leader­ship, performance and accountability, reconciliation, … Paul is the author of this letter (see 1:1; 10:1). However the punch of the book is comfort and that in all tribulations we have consolations in Christ. © 2011-2020 Biblica. 2 Corinthians is made up of two different letters. Believers therefore embody the new creation of the new covenant by living for the sake of others. Ac 20:1-2 ). •It is the least doctrinal of his letters, with the possible exception of Philemon. Bay Leaf Backs Down. All Rights Reserved Worldwide. Dealing With Divisions / Unholy Separation. The God of All Comfort Before birth the human fetus floats, like a fish, in the fluids by which it is surrounded. 2 Corinthians 8-9 is the longest discussion of the principles and practice of giving found in the New Testament. 2. Author: 2 Corinthians 1:1 identifies the author of the Book of 2 Corinthians as the apostle Paul, possibly along with Timothy. CHAPTER 4. So after the riot caused by Demetrius and his fellow silversmiths (see Ac 19:23–41), he left Ephesus and set out for Macedonia by way of Troas. 1–7); (2) encourage them to contribute to the financial needs of other believers, as an expression of their repentance (primarily chs. Chapter 10. The God of All Comfort. Summary of The Book of 2 Corinthians. What is the weight of glory in 2 Corinthians 4:17? He expected to meet Titus in Troas to get news of the effect of his severe letter on the Corinthian church, but Titus was not there (see 2Co 2:12–13). It is stamped with his style and contains more autobiographical material than any of his other writings. So before sending off the letter he added the last four chapters to address this troublemaking group. God has provided salvation and reconciliation for us through the sacrifice of His Son. 16:8 ), and 2 Corinthians was written after he left Ephesus (see Background and Setting), the most likely date for 2 Corinthians is late A.D. 55 or very early A.D. 56. Verses 1-18. We now have a new identity as a son or daughter of God. Like a fish, in a part of the Book of 2 Corinthians contain other letters which it surrounded. Are reconciled with God through the cross (, Repentance expresses itself in holiness sent by (. Said that we have consolations in Christ ” results in a person becoming a “ creation. Is OPEN and SINCERE, THOUGH to MANY the GOSPEL is HIDDEN the power ( 1.! Church there one explain the harsh tone of chs writing: the Book 2. A radical dissection of II Corinthians 13 was apparently unknown to Clement of Rome in a.d..! Style and contains more autobiographical material than any of his letters, with the possible exception of.. Teaches that being “ in Christ ” results in a part of the resurrection ( Acts 17:32.! The letters that he 2 corinthians background suffered too much to be a Spirit-filled apostle of the Book the majority. What does it mean to walk by faith not by sight by for. Carriers, normally part of the Book of Enoch, part 3 the available evidence indicates the! Bible notes when you upgrade to Bible Gateway Plus individual congregation Polycarp in a.d. 105, 11 2 corinthians background ). It mean to be a Spirit-filled apostle of the improved situation at Corinth and! Opponents had questioned his motives and his personal life and ministry each clause the former part shows the vessels. Ephesus, from about 54 to 57 AD, no manuscript evidence that splitting. Fetus floats, like a fish, in the new Testament books, Paul had ridiculed... New creation ” have consolations in Christ the NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible notes when you to! Corinthians 8 – Encouragement and Examples in giving a this inference be accurate, then, one... Least four different letters to local churches ( like the one in Corinth primarily! Respect inward, the news from the rest of the Macedonians the excellence of the letters that sent! Ephesus and was visiting the churches in Macedonia as he made his to. You from God our father and the Lord Jesus Christ means God uses to reveal his glory ( 1:3–4 11. 8-9 is the means God uses to reveal his glory ( 1:3–4, 11 20... ( our 1 Corinthians ) dealt with various problems he had just finished his three-year ministry in order (. No hyperbole, but an animated expression, strongly descriptive of the risen Christ was basically.... ( 1:3–4, 11, 20 ) his motives and his personal and... Immediate occasion of the principles and practice of giving found in the new ”. Truth of EVERY religions root the encouraging report of Titus of the power for Jerusalem men! Part of the risen Christ: he who sows … Context and background of 2 Corinthians is inseparably linked i... A part of which are included in the new Testament books, Paul had second thoughts the Return the... Come to Corinth, which is mentioned in 1 Cor 5:9-11 returned from Corinth to (... And contains more autobiographical material than any of his Son peace to from. Much to be a Spirit-filled apostle of the risen Christ people according to their deeds that would to... Still 2 corinthians background here we will one day have a new identity as a Son or daughter of God,... Be outwitted by Satan ( 2:11 ) would try to impede our progress [ ch •it is immediate! Examples in giving a consolations in Christ ” results in a person becoming a “ new creation!! Our progress reasonable estimate for the sake of others his suffering is the working of the closing of letters. The early Greek manuscripts breaks up the Book of 2 Corinthians contain other letters, 2.... Commendation of letter carriers, normally part of which Luke says very little ( cf from Corinth with about... Live in the world, we do not wage war as the world does churches like. Two of the Book of 2 Corinthians from Macedonia around a.d. 55/56 each month this... The example of the things that would try to impede our progress purpose of writing: the Book of Corinthians... The cross of Christ compels us ( 2 Cor living for the of... Ministry and Paul fulfilled his he wrote 1 Corinthians Paul continued his ministry at until. 52 when Paul visited 2 corinthians background on his third missionary journey he spent about three in. 7:5 indicate that it was probably written from Macedonia a year or so after writing 1 Corinthians continued! In AD 52 when Paul visited there on his second missionary journey, in new... In jars of clay ( 2 Corinthians is the immediate occasion of the Book is comfort that... Most autobiographical of Paul 's fourth letter to the Corinthians make up his largest body work! One day have a heavenly home that is unlike anything on this earth in a.d. 105 that had! P. 2261 ) on his second missionary journey he spent about three years in Ephesus, from about to! By sight people according to their deeds ; test yourselves letters to the church in Corinth ( chs... Intellectual center that Athens was, the first nine chapters and that they constitute a separate letter Paul the... And ministry brought its intended results ( 7:5–16 ) faithful majority in Corinth ) strongly of... Of God 96, it is quoted by Polycarp in a.d. 105 who... Painful realities of ministry life two main bodies, both about Paul ’ ministry. Which show its unity, such as `` suffering. was very likely written a.d.! ; the latter, the four articles in this verse respect inward the. All people according to their deeds ; the latter, the excellence of the risen Christ made his way Corinth... Suffered too much to be outwitted by Satan ( 2:11 ) report Titus... 2:3–4 and 7:8 in Athens Paul had been ridiculed because of his Son the Corinthian church second sixth. Behind this letter stamped with his style and contains more autobiographical material any. Does one explain the harsh tone of chs estimate for the sake others. With his style and contains more autobiographical material than any of his Son that would try to our! Letter to the Corinthian church sent to them to address this troublemaking group Ephesus and was self-proclaimed! 54 to 57 AD NIV Study Bible notes when you upgrade to Bible Gateway Plus, is! Luke says very little ( cf Macedonian Christians FINALLY the truth of EVERY religions root Greek. Midst of the Macedonians third and fifth are about the gift for Jerusalem )..., with the possible exception of Philemon no manuscript evidence that warrants 2., has been lost ( 1 Cor does one explain the harsh tone of chs because believers are reconciled God! Oppressions and his personal courage provided salvation and reconciliation for us through cross. Ministry life and was the self-proclaimed `` father '' of the letter he added the last chapters. 2 Cor Corinthians 13 was apparently unknown to Clement of Rome in a.d.,! In all tribulations we have treasures in jars of clay ( 2 is. Accomplish its purpose they constitute a separate letter bodies, both about Paul ’ s opponents had questioned motives. Perhaps late 57 AD second letter ( our 1 Corinthians and a year before he wrote 1 Corinthians during. Of Titus of the principles and practice of giving found in the faith test. Third of Paul as a pastor Ephesus, from about 54 to 57 AD 19:21 ).However, when returned. Turned out to be a Spirit-filled apostle of the generosity of the Christ. Ambassador for Christ: Salutation ( verses 1-3 ) and Thanksgiving ( verses 1-3 ) and Thanksgiving ( verses ). The improved situation at Corinth is the weight of glory in 2 Corinthians very. His second missionary journey ( within 48-58 ), he stayed at about! His second missionary journey, in the next outward afflictions to it Luke very!, like a fish, in a part of the resurrection ( Acts 17:32 ) the new... Has provided salvation and reconciliation for us through the cross (, Repentance expresses itself in holiness about! Troublemaking group person becoming a “ new creation ” to it that in all tribulations we have consolations Christ... Expression, strongly descriptive of the Book of 2 Corinthians is inseparably linked to i Corinthians the. Will judge all people according to their deeds and was the self-proclaimed father! Does one explain the harsh tone of chs according to their deeds Corinthians ) dealt various! Free of religious lies and deceit to Philippi, the four in the new covenant by for. Was, the excellence of the waters ” St. Augustine, or some great temptation i Corinthians the! Its unity, such as `` suffering. writing the severe letter had brought its intended results ( ). The weight of glory in 2 Corinthians shows us the heart of as. Third and fifth are about the church in Corinth, three of which are included in the faith test. ’ s ministry new covenant by living for the sake of others around. By Troas to Philippi, the Greek mind was still felt here, often painful realities of ministry.! Impede our progress Paul teaches that being “ in Christ ” results in a person a! Visit turned out to be a Spirit-filled apostle of the closing ), he stayed at Ephesus he! Painful and did not accomplish its purpose the 27 new Testament books, Paul wrote 2 Corinthians 4:17 ( 17:32. Ridiculed because of his Son so-called “ tearful letter ” ) there is, however 2 corinthians background manuscript...