Unable to assert control over events, he sequestered Moctezuma and increased the guards around the tlatoani. Nevertheless, this would require hundreds of canoes to move all of Cortés's people and supplies, which he was unable to procure in his position. After winning the First Battle on the Lake, Cortés camped with Olid's forces. [1], The forces under Alvarado and Olid marched first towards Chapultepec to disconnect the Aztecs from their water supply. Cortés then completed winning over Narváez's captains with promises of the vast wealth in Tenochtitlan, inducing them to follow him back to the Aztec capital. [citation needed], It is often debated why the Aztecs took little action against the Spanish and their allies after they fled the city. The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, Ángel María Garibay K. (Nahuatl-Spanish trans. Lakeside towns, including Iztapalapa, Churubusco, Culuacan, and Mixquic made peace with the Spaniards. [29]:363, With his brigantines, Cortés could also send forces and supplies to areas he previously could not, which put a kink in Cuauhtémoc's plan. They expected the Spanish to pay for their supplies, to have the city of Cholula, an equal share of any of the spoils, the right to build a citadel in Tenochtitlan, and finally, to be exempted from any future tribute. [29]:374–75 The fighting in Tenochtitlan was described by the American historian Charles Robinson as "desperate" as both sides battled one another in the streets in a ferocious battle where no quarter was given nor asked for. [29]:364–66 Cortés also sent orders to "never on any account to leave a gap unblocked, and that all the horsemen were to sleep on the causeway with their horses saddled and bridled all night long. [1][page needed], Staying within Tenochtitlan as a defensive tactic may have seemed like a reliable strategy at the time. Trajeron consigo una nueva y diferente cosmovisión, el cristianismo e iniciaron el proceso de conversión de los indígenas. [13] According to all eyewitness accounts, Moctezuma initially refused to leave his palace but after a series of threats from and debates with the Spanish captains, and assurances from Doña Marina, he agreed to move to the Axayáctal palace with his retinue. [1], The Spaniards prevented food and water from reaching Tenochtitlan along the three causeways. [1][page needed], With Moctezuma captive, Cortés did not need to worry about being cut off from supplies or being attacked, although some of his captains had such concerns. Cortés also used political maneuvering to assure the allegiance of other states, such as Tetzcoco. [28] The disease killed an estimated forty percent of the native population in the area within a year. [17], By the day of the festival, the Aztecs had gathered on the Patio of Dances. They chased the owl-warrior, but he was neither captured nor killed. Ni los mexicas ni españoles imaginaron que el hecho llevaría tantos días, por lo que el cansancio se empezaba a notar entre ambos ejércitos. [29]:350–51 The Spaniards also held their third auctioning of branded slaves, Mexican allies captured by Cortés, "who had revolted after giving their obedience to His Majesty. Throughout the siege, the Aztecs had little aid from outside of Tenochtitlan. 1. Caída de Tenochtitlan (Foto: Wiki Commons) Cuando los españoles intentaron retirarse ya era demasiado tarde. He then distributed the sloops amongst his attacking forces, four to Alvarado, six for Olid, and two to Sandoval on the Tepeaquilla causeway. The people were in the process of mourning the dead and rebuilding their damaged city. Cortés commanded the 13 sloops. While the Spaniards were in Tenochtitlan, Velázquez assembled a force of nineteen ships, more than 1400 soldiers with twenty cannons, eighty horsemen, one-hundred and twenty crossbowmen, and eighty arquebusiers under the command of Pánfilo de Narváez to capture Cortés and return him to Cuba. The Spanish forces were able to pass through the first three canals, the Tecpantzinco, Tzapotlan, and Atenchicalco. [1][page needed], While Cortés was rebuilding his alliances and garnering more supplies, a smallpox epidemic struck the natives of the Valley of Mexico, including Tenochtitlan. Según una de las ventajas de Cortés al entrar a Tenochtitlan fue que la localidad se encontraba en un momento de debilidad ya que el sector político se hallaba en disputas. In addition, Cortés astutely directed his forces in multiple directions in preparing his encirclement of the Aztec capital, and knew how to use the military initiative that he gained after the battle of Otumba. Xicotencatl the Elder provided Cortés with over ten thousand Tlaxcalan warriors under the command of Chichimecatecle. [6] Almost all of the Aztec nobility were dead, and the remaining survivors were mostly young women and very young children. [21]:94[29]:362, The Aztec canoe fleets worked well for attacking the Spanish because they allowed the Aztecs to surround the Spanish on both sides of the causeway. It was necessary for him to prove his power and authority to keep the tributaries from revolting. [1] The Aztec forces managed to push back the Spanish and halt this assault on the capital with a determined and hard-fought land and naval counterattack. At any sign of weakness, Aztec nobles within Tenochtitlan and in other Aztec tributaries were liable to rebel. "Malintzin's Choices" Camilla Townsend University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Though the Spanish were under attack the entire trip, because Cortés took his troops through the northern towns, they were at an advantage. [31], The Aztec continued to attack the Spaniards on the causeways, "day and night". Though the disease also affected the Spanish-aligned forces somewhat, it had more dire consequences for the leadership on the side of the Aztecs, as they were much harder hit by the smallpox than the Spanish leaders, who were largely resistant to the disease. [29]:321–25 Cuauhtemoc's forces were defeated four times in March 1521, around Chalco and Huaxtepec, and Cortés received another ship load of arms and men from the Emperor. El siglo de la conquista - Hechos. An inquiry into Cortés' action was conducted in Spain in 1529 and no action was taken against him. It was clear from the beginning that he was ambivalent about who Cortés and his men really were, whether they be gods, descendants of a god, ambassadors from a greater king, or just barbaric invaders. The many Tlaxcalan allies of the Spanish are mentioned as playing an important role in the battle, armed with Spanish swords and shields. Decenas de miles de muertos, un asedio que duró meses y posteriormente la caída de la capital de un imperio que le pudo enseñar mucho más a un mundo que se sumía en interminables guerras entre poderosos y resistencia. The Spaniards gradually advanced along the causeways, though without allies. With his main headquarters in Texcoco, he could stop his forces from being spread too thin around the lake, and there he could contact them where they needed. [21] The Spanish asserted that Moctezuma was stoned to death by his own people as he attempted to speak with them. [21] A few days after the great forces of Cortés got into Tenochtitlan, the roads were shut and the causeway bridges were raised. However, the Aztecs were successful in setting an ambush with thirty of their pirogues in an area in which they had placed impaling stakes. [20], Alvarado sent word to Cortés of the events, and Cortés hurried back to Tenochtitlan on June 24 with 1,300 soldiers, 96 horses, 80 crossbowmen, and 80 arquebusiers. El arte en la Antigua Roma (s.VIII a.C - 476 d.C.) GENERALIDADES DE LA MEDICINA ALTERNATIVA Y LAS DISTINTAS TERAPIAS. "Hernando Cortés" by Fisher, M. & Richardson K. "Hernando Cortés" Crossroads Resource Online. road to revolution 5.3 and 5.4. Our allies also took many spoils that day, which we were unable to prevent, as they numbered more than 150,000 and we Spaniards only some nine hundred. He stationed 25 men on every sloop, 12 oarsmen, 12 crossbowmen and musketeers, and a captain. He was supplied with darts sacred to Huitzilopochtli, which came with wooden tips and flint tops. They captured two Spanish launches, killing Captains Juan de la Portilla and Pedro Barba. He knew that in defeat he would be considered a traitor to Spain, but that in success he would be its hero. Cortés was amicably received by Moctezuma. While the fighting in the city raged, the Aztecs cut out and ate the hearts of 70 Spanish prisoners-of-war at the altar to Huitzilopochtli. Se el primero en opinar. Cano, another primary source, gives 1,150 Spaniards dead, though this figure was likely too high and might encompass the total loss from entering Mexico to arriving into Tlaxcala. "In the end...the remaining gold all fell to the King's officials. 12, f.6r., Moctezuma also ordered that his messengers carry the highly symbolic penacho (headdress) of Quetzalcoatl de Tula to Cortés and place it on his person. The sacrifice involved the killing of a young man who had been impersonating the Toxcatl deity for a full year. de Sahagun, Bernardino. Cortés decided on the west causeway to Tlacopan, needing the quickest route out of Tenochtitlan with all his provisions and people. [21]:94[29]:359–60, Cortés faced "more than a thousand canoes" after he launched his thirteen sloops from Texcoco. Boston: Beacon, (Leon-Portilla 1962: 117, León, Portilla Miguel. The Aztecs halted any Spanish attacks or attempts to leave the palace. [11], Reproduction and population growth declined since people of child-bearing age either had to fight off the Spanish invasion or died due to famine, malnutrition or other diseases. The disease broke out in Tenochtitlan in late October 1520. [29]:347–49, Returning to Texcoco, which had been guarded by his Captain Gonzalo de Sandoval, Cortés was joined by many more men from Castile. [29]:377 Alvarado escaped from the ambush, but five of his men were captured and taken off to the Great Temple to be sacrificed. In fact, the only serviceable portion of his army were his old followers with great experience of Mexican warfare, who were by this time severely whittled down by wounds and disease. Cortés quickly replaced that leader with the son of Nezahualpilli, baptized as Don Hernán Cortés. Cortés destruyó todo lo que se encontraba a su paso, mientras de los aztecas no dejaban de batallar y defender lo suyo. The Spanish received a large amount of supplies from Vera Cruz, and, somewhat renewed, finally entered the main part of Tenochtitlan. [citation needed], Cortés managed to negotiate an alliance; however, the Tlaxcalans required heavy concessions from Cortés for their continued support, which he was to provide after they defeated the Aztecs. [23] Moctezuma's younger brother Cuitláhuac, who had been ruler of Ixtlapalapan until then, was chosen as the Tlatoani. [23][page needed], Despite the overwhelming numbers of Aztecs and the generally poor condition of the Spanish survivors, Cortés snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. Davis, Paul K. (2003). 1521: Agosto 13 - Caída de Tenochtitlan encabezada por Hernán Cortés Cuauhtemoc then enlisted his allies in Matlazingo, Malinalco, and Tulapa, in attacking the Spaniards from the rear. Once Martin López and Chichimecatecle brought the logs and planks to Texcoco, the sloops were built quickly. Before entering the city, on November 8, 1519, Cortés and his troops prepared themselves for battle, armoring themselves and their horses, and arranging themselves in proper military rank. El período de conquista finalizó el 13 de agosto de 1521, cuando cayó d… After twelve days of this, the Spanish allies realized the prophecy by the Aztec idols, that the Spaniards would be dead in ten days was false. So he argued, cajoled, bullied, and coerced his troops, and they began preparing for the siege of Mexico. Other Aztec lords were also detained by the Spanish, when they started questioning their captive tlatoani's authority. [30] Pedro de Alvarado was wounded along with eight men in his camp. The Aztecs had fought for the lake cities many times before and their tactics were excellent - the use of canoes, the use of flat roofs with prepared missiles, dropping down into the lake when cornered, and destroying bridges. [1][page needed] The Spanish finally found refuge in Otancalpolco, where they were aided by the Teocalhueyacans. The indigenous soldiers wore cotton armor and were armed with shields and crossbows; many carried provisions in baskets or bundles while others escorted the cannons on wooden carts. Any shipments of food and water were intercepted, and even those trying to fish in the lake were attacked. His numerically inferior force finally triumphed when the minds of Tlaxcalans opened up to consideration of his ceaseless offers of peace, notably Xicotencatl the Elder and his wish to form an alliance with the Spaniards against the Aztecs which was the proffered aim of Cortés as well. 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